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[13] Cooperv. Wandsworth Board of Works [1863] 14 CB 180. [14] Mersey Docks Trustees v. Gibbs [1866] LR 1 HL 93, at 110. [15] Cmd.4060 (1932), 73. [16]Nakkuda Ali v. Jayaratne [1951] AC 66. [17] R. v.Metropolitan Police Commisioner, ex parte Parke [1953] 1 WLR 1150. [18] H. Wade& C. Forsyth, Administrative Law (8th, Oxford Press, 2000),p.481. Also see, W. Wade, “The Twilight of Natural Justice?”,(1951)67 Law Quarterly Review 103. 其实,在这两个案件中,有关官员事实上已经事先告知当事人,并举行过听证会;双方争议的仅仅是一些更具体的听证形式的问题(在后一个案件中,警察拒绝了当事人传唤证人的请求)。法官本来完全可以说官员的行为已经符合了自然正义原则的要求,而不是说吊销营业执照不须听证,同样可以驳回原告的请求。 [19] DeSmith, Woolf & Jowell, Principles of Judicial Review (Sweet & Maxwell,1999), pp.261-267. [20] HartleyShawcross, “The State and the Law”, (1948) 11 Modern Law Review 1, at 5. [21] DevlinJ., “Public Policy and the Executive”, (1956) Current Legal Problems 1, at 14. [22] G. W. Keeton, “The Twilight of the CommonLaw”, The Nineteenth Century and After (1949) 230, at 231. Also see, G. W. Keeton, “Natural Justice in EnglishLaw”, (1955) Current Legal Problems 24. [23] Ridge v. Baldwin [1964] AC 40. [24] R. v.Gaming Board for Great Britain, ex parte Benaim and Khaida [1970] 2 QB417, at 430. 其实,丹宁只说对了一半。里奇诉鲍德温案件没有放弃司法性行为这个概念,只是使争论一个行为是司法性的还是行政性的失去意义。司法性、准司法性行为这个概念逐渐淡出,但没有彻底消亡。 [25] Re H. K.(an Infant) [1967] 2 QB 617, at 630, per Lord Parker CJ. [26] [https://www.lexisnexis.com/ap/auth/],“England and Wales Reported andUnreported Cases”,检索日期为2006年3月14日。LexisNexis上各个时段判决书的总量,不易统计。下面是几个年份的数字:1970年1186件,1980年2571件,1990年3495件,2000年5885件。有少量案件,同一份判决重复出现。 [27] 关于自然正义与程序公正关系的讨论,参见J. M. Evans,“The Duty to Act Fairly”, (1973) 33 Modern Law Review 93; D. Mullan, “Fairness:The New Natural Justice?”, (1975) 25 University of Toronto Law Journal 281; M.Loughlin, “Procedural Fairness: A Study in Crisis in Administrative Law Theory”,(1978) 28 University of Torento Law Journal 215; P. Craig, Administrative Law(5th, Sweet & Maxwell, 2003), pp.415-418. [28]Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [1985]AC 374. [29] R. v.Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex parte St. Germain [1979] QB 425; R.v. Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex parte St. Germain (No.2)[1979] 1 WLR 1401; Leech v. Parkhurst Prison Deputy Governor [1988] AC533; R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parteHickey [1995] QB 43. 对该问题的详细讨论,参见M. Loughlin & P. Quinn, “Prisons, Rules and Courts: A Study inAdministrative Law” (1993) 56 Modern Law Review 497. [30] R. (onthe application of Smith) v. Parole Board [2005] UKHL 1. [31] Nagle v. Fielden [1966] 2 QB 633;McInnes v. Onslow-Fane [1978]3 All ER 211. [32] Gaiman v. National Association forMental Health [1971] Ch. 317 [33] Lawlorand Others v. Union of Post Office Workers [1965] Ch. 712. [34] Glynn v. Keele University [1971] 1 WLR 487; Brighton Cpn. v. Parry [1972] 70 LGR576. [35] R. v.Aston University Senate, ex parte Roffey [1969] 2 QB 538; Herring v.Templeman [1973] 3 All ER 569; R. v. Liverpool John Moores University, ex parte Hayes [1998] ELR 261. [36] Glynn v.Keele University [1971] 1 WLR 487. [37] R. v.Hull University Visitor, ex parte Page [1993] AC 682. [38] ColegElidyr (Camphill Communities Wales) Ltd. v. Koeller and another [2005]EWCA Civ 856. [39] Schmidtv. Secretary of State for Home Affairs [1969] 2 Ch. 149. [40] Re H. K.(An Infant) [1967] 2 QB 617; Att-Gen of Hong Kong v. Ng Yuen Shiu [1983]2 AC 629. [41] R. (onthe application of L) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department[2003] 1 All ER 1062. [42] 这些法律包括:1971年《移民法》(第2部分),1993年《避难和移民申诉法》,1996年《避难和移民法》,2002年《国籍、移民和避难法》。 [43] R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Cheblak [1991] 1WLR 890. [44] Schmidtv. Secretary of State for Home Affairs [1969] 2 Ch. 149, at 168-170, per Lord Denning. [45] W.Hohfeld, “Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Appliedin Judicial Reasoning”, (1913) 23Yale Law Journal 16. 相关评论参见王涌《寻找法律概念的“最小公分母”:霍菲尔德法律概念分析思想研究》,《比较法研究》1998年第2期 . [46] 更为详细的中文文献,参见余凌云《行政法上合法预期之保护》,《中国社会科学》2003年第3期。 [47] Councilof Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374. [48]Oloniluyi v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [1989] Imm AR 135. [49] R. v.Croydon Justices, ex parte Dean [1993] QB 769. [50] R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Khan [1984] 1 WLR1337. [51] R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Ruddock [1988] 1WLR 1482. [52] HTVLtd. v. Price Commission [1976] ICR 170 [53] R. v.Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex parte Unilever [1996] STC 681 [54] Cinnamondand Others v. British Airport Authority [1980] 1 WLR 582. [55] 相关中文文献,可以参见万鄂湘主编《欧洲人权法院判例评述》,湖北人民出版社1999年,79-139页。 [56] R. (onthe Application of Hamid Ali Husain) v. Asylum Support Adjudicator[2002] ACD 10. [57] RunaBegum v. Tower Hamlets London Borough Council[2003] 2 AC 430. [58] R (onthe application of Thompson) v. Law Society [2004] 2 All ER 113. [59] Townand County Planning Act 1990, s. 35 B (4)。 [60] Fraserv. State Services Commission [1984] 1 NZLR 116, at 122, 125; Binney v.Secretary of State for the Environment [1984] JPL 871. [61] Local Government Act 1972, s. 236 (asamended)。 [62] R. v.Secretary of State for Health, ex parte US Tobacco International Inc.[1992] QB 353. [63]Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [1985]AC 374, at 402, per Lord Fraser. 另一位法官也强调,“行政机构应当拿出证据,而不能仅仅宣称‘事关国家安全’”。Ibid, at 421, per Lord Roskill. [64] Chahalv. UK [1997] 23 EHRR 413. [65] PlantHealth Act 1967, ss.3, 4 (as amended)。 [66] HighwayAct 1980, s. 258. [67] RoadTraffic Act 1988, ss. 69, 70, 72. [68] FoodSafety Act 1990, s. 9. 但销毁食品的决定只能由治安法官作出。 [69] PublicHealth (Control of Disease) Act 1984, s.41; Public Health Act 1961, ss.17, 37. 但其它为防止传染病扩散的行政强制措施,仍应以事先告知为条件,例如拆除违章建筑、腾出害虫孳生的房屋等。 [70] R. v.Halliday [1917] AC 260; Liversidge v. Anderson [1942] AC 206. [71] R. v.Powys CC, ex parte Horner [1989] Fam. Law 320. [72] R. v.Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Pegasus Holdings (London)Ltd. [1988] 1 WLR 990. [73] R. v.Life Assurance Unit Trust Regulatory Organisation, ex parte Ross [1993]QB 17. [74] PublicHealth (Control of Disease) Act 1984, s. 32, 35-36, 38, 48. [75]Pearlberg v. Varty [1972] 2 All ER 6. [76] DeSmith, Woolf & Jowell, Principles of Judicial Review (Sweet & Maxwell,1999), pp.379-386. [77] Wisemanv. Borneman [1971] AC 297, at 317-321, per Lord Wilberforce. 法院在该案中驳回了原告的请求。 [78] RePergamon Press Ltd. [1971] Ch. 388. [79] Rees v.Crane [1994] 2 AC 173. [80] Planning(Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, s.20. 但在实践中,行政机构通常会非正式地告知房主。 [81] CustomsConsolidation Act 1876, s. 42; Customs and Excise Management Act 1979, s. 139,Sched. 3. 另见ObscenePublications Act 1959, s. 3 (3)。 如果当事人提出异议,争议通过诉讼解决。 [82] Kington by-pass案件就是这方面一个绝好的事例。交通部部长提出一条主干公路的建设规划,并依照法律进行“公开调查”。在听证会上,部长派出的官员宣读了一份有关该建设规划的说明,出示了相关文件和具体方案。他没有传唤任何证人,对反对意见也不回应;当反对者质问该计划的必要性、主张替代方案的优点,他拒不回答任何问题。就是这样一个纯粹走过场的听证,法院仍然认为它是有效的。Re Trunk Roads Act 1936 [1939] 2 KB 515. 相关规则的发展,参见H. Wade & C.Forsyth, Administrative Law (8th, Oxford Press, 2000), p.950. [83] Kanda v.Government of Malaya [1962] AC 322, at 337. [84] R. v. Ealing Magistrate‘s Court, ex parteFanneran [1996] 8 Admin. LR 351. [85] Wilsonv. Secretary of State for the Environment [1973] 1WLR 1083; WaitemataCounty v. Local Government Committee [1964] NZLR 689, at 698-699. [86] TheTown and Country Planning Act 1990, s. 65. [87] Townand Country Planning (Amendment) Act 1972, s. 7 (1)。 [88] Boardof Trustee of the Maradana Mosque v. Mahmud [1967] 1AC 13, at 24-25. [89] LauLiat Meng v. Disciplinary Committee [1968] AC 391. [90] R. v. Assistant Metropolitan Police Commissioner, ex parteHowell [1986] RTR 52. [91] R. v. Paddington etc. Rent Tribunal, ex parte Bell LondonProperties Ltd. [1949] 1KB 666. [92] FairmountInvestments Ltd. v. Secretary of State for the Environment [1976] 1 WLR1255. [93] R. v.Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, ex parte Ince [1973] 1 WLR 1334,at 1345.法院撤销委员会决定的主要理由是,该委员会对于“为防止犯罪”这一赔偿条件理解错误。 [94] R. v.Rodney and Minister of Manpower and Immigration (1972) 27 DLR (3d) 756; R. v.Chance, ex parte Coopers & Lybrand [1995] 7 Admin LR 821, 835 H. “突然袭击是公正的敌人。”Ibid, 835 H [95] R. v.Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner, ex parte Jones [1962] 2 QB 677. [96] Universityof Ceylon v. Fernando [1960] 1 WLR 223; Re Pergamon Press Ltd. [1971]Ch. 388. [97] R. v.Joint Higher Committee on Surgical Training, ex parte Milner [1995]Admin. LR 454. [98] R. v.Poole Borough Council, exparte Cooper, The Times, October 21, 1994. [99] R. v.Secretary of State for Health, ex parte US Tobacco International Inc.[1992] QB 353. [100] R. v.Canterbury of Archbishop, ex parte Morant [1944] KB 282, at 292. [101] R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Abdi, The Times,March 10, 1994 (High Court); The Times, April 25, 1994 (Court of Appeal);[1996] 1 WRL 298 (House of Lords)…… [102] R. v.Gaming Board for Great Britain, ex parte Benaim and Khaida [1970] 2 QB417. [103] R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Duggan [1994] 3 AllER 277. [104] R. v.Kent Police Authority, ex parte Godden [1971] 2 QB 662. [105] Erringtonv. Minister of Health [1935] 1 KB 249. [106]Edward Coakley, Coakley Bus Company Ltd. and Central Bus Company Ltd. v.Transport Tribunal (No. 2) [2004] LLR 211(Court of Session)。 [107] Palmerv. Inverness Hospitals Committee [1963] SC 311; Wilcox v. HGS[1976] ICR 306. [1].[108] R. v. Thames Magistrate‘Court, ex parte Polemis [1974] 1 WLR 1371;R. v. Grays Justices, ex parteGraham [1982] QB 1239;R. v. North and East Devon Health Authority, ex parteCoughlan [1999] Lloyd’s Rep. Med. 306. [109] R. v. Secretary of State for Social Services, ex parteAssociation of Metropolitan Authorities [1986] 1 WLR 1, at 4, per Webster J…… [110] Priddlev. Fisher and Sons [1968] 1 WLR 1478. 另参见Re M (an infant) [1968] 1 WLR 1897; Rose v.Hunbles [1972] 1 WLR 33; Lucy v. Royal Board of Kensington and Chelsea[1997] COD 191. [111] Ostreicherv. Secretary of State for the Environment [1978] 1 WLR 810. [112] SupermarchesJean Labrecque Inc. v. Labour Court (1987) 43 DLR (4th) 1. 这家少年法庭还拒绝了一名社会工作者为被告提供的援助。法院认为,这也是违背自然正义的。 [113] DeVerteuil v. Knaggs [1918] AC 557, at 560-561. [114] Jamesv. Institute of Chartered Accountants [1907] 98 LT 225. [115] Glynnv. Keele University [1971] 1 WLR 487. [116] R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Al-Mehdawi [1990] 1AC 876. 与之不同的判决,参见R. v.Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Rahmani [1985] QB 1109, [1986] AC475. [117] R. v.Kensington and Chelsea Rent Tribunal, ex parte MacFarlane [1974] 1 WLR1486. [118] Barnardv. National Dock Labour Board [1953] 2 QB 18; Vine v. NationalDock Labour Board [1957] AC 488; Jeffs v. New Zealand Dairy Board [1967]1 AC 551, at 568, 569; R. v. Race Relations Board, ex parteSelvarajan [1975] 1 WLR 1686. [119] ChiefConstable of the North Wales Police v. Evans [1982] 1 WLR 1155, at 1161,1165, per Lord Hailsham and Lord Bridge. [120] LocalGovernment Board v. Arlidge [1915] AC 120. [121] Lloydv. McMahon [1987] AC 625. [122] BrightonCorporation v. Parry[1972] 70 LGR 576. [123] 分别参见R. v. Secretary ofState for the Home Department, ex parte Doody [1994] 1 AC 531; R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Duggan [1994] 3 AllER 277. [124] R. v.Army Board of the Defence Council, ex parte Anderson [1992] 1 QB 169. [125] R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Malhi [1991] 1 QB194. [126] R.(on the application of Smith) v. Parole Board [2004] 1 WLR 421 (CA); [2005]UKHL 1 (HL)。 [127] R. v.Army Board of the Defence Council, ex parte Anderson [1992] QB 169. [128] R. v.Kingston-upon-Hull Rent Tribunal, ex parte Black [1949] 65 TLR 209. [129] R. v. Housing Appeal Tribunal [1920] 3 KB 334; ReWilson [1985] AC 750. [130] 相关讨论参见J. Alder, “Representationbefore Tribunals”, (1972) Public Law 278; D. Galligan, Due Process and FairProcudure (Oxford University Press, 1996), pp.361-369. [131] R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Tarrant [1985] QB251, at 285-286, per Webster. [132] 分别参见R. v. Board ofVisitors of HM Remand Centre Risley, ex parte Draper, The Times, May 24,1988; R. v. Board of Visitors of Parkhurst Prison, ex parteNorney, The Times, July 29, 1989. [133] R. v.Leicester City Justices, ex parte Barrow [1991] 2 QB 260. [134] R. v.Canterbury of Archbishop, ex parte Morant [1944] KB 282, at 292. [135] R. v.Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Leech (No. 2)[1994] QB 198.目前,新的狱规规定,监狱管理人员不能拆看犯人与其律师的通信,不管该犯人是否处在诉讼过程;除非监狱长有理由相信该通信夹带违禁物品或者可能危害监狱和他人安全。 [136] 相关的案例,参见Campbell and Fell v.UK, ECHR [1984] Series A, no. 80. [137] EnderbyTown Football Club Ltd. v. Football Association Ltd. [1971] Ch. 591. [138] R. v.Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex parte St. Germain (No.2) [1979] 1WLR 1401. [139] R. v. Bradford JJ,。 ex parte Wilkinson [1990] 1 WLR 692. [140] R. v.Hereford Magistrates Court, ex parte Rowlands [1998] QB 110. [141] Universityof Ceylon v. Fernando [1960] 1 WLR 223. [142] R. v.Commission for Racial Equality, ex parte Cottrell & Rothon [1980] 1WLR 1580. [143] R. v.Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, ex parte Guiness plc [1990] 1 QB 146. [144] Bradmanv. Radio Taxicabs Ltd. [1984] 134 New LJ 1018. [145] Herringv. Templeman [1973] 3 All ER 569. [146] R. v.Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner, ex parte Moore [1965] 1 QB 456,at 490, per Diplock LJ. [147] Erringtonv. Wilson, The Times, 2 June 1995. [148] Nicholsonv. Secretary of Sate for Energy (1978) 76 LGR 693. [149] R. v.Blundeston Prison Visitors, ex parte Fox-Taylor [1982] 1 All ER 646. [150] Bushellv. Secretary of State for the Environment [1981] AC 75. LordEdmund-Davies法官表示异议。他坚称,“传唤对方证人以供质证是自然正义的要求”。Ibid,at116. [151] R. v.London Regional Passengers Committee, ex parte Brent LBC, The Times, May23, 1985. [152] RePergamon Press Ltd. [1971] Ch. 388, at 400. [153] Hansonv. church Commissioners [1978] QB 823. [154] Ladd v.Marshall [1954] 1 WLR 1489. 另见Al-Mehdawi v. Home Secretary [1990] 1AC 876; HertfordshireInvestments Ltd v. Bubb [2000] 1 WLR 2318, 2325. [155] Bushellv. Secretary of State for the Environment [1981] AC 75, at 102, per LordDiplock. 法院同时指出,如果新的证据在案件的关键问题上有重要意义,部长应当重新组织调查,或者给相关当事人发表书面意见的机会。 [156] R. v.Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Fielder Estates(Canvey) Ltd. [1988] 3 PLR 62. [157] E v.Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] 2 WLR 1351. [158] R. v.Lambeth BC, ex parte Sharp [1987] JPL 440 (CA)。 另参见R. v. Doncaster MBC, exparte British Railways Board [1987] JPL 444. [159] 例如,Town and Country Planning Act1990, s. 288, 176 (5)。 [160] Wilsonv. Secretary of State for the Environment [1988] JPL 540. [161] Ridgev. Baldwin [1964] AC 40. [162] W.Wade, “Unlawful Administrative Action: Void or Voidable?”, (1967) 83 LQR 499,(1968) 84 LQR 95; J. Eekelaar, “Breach of Natural Justice: Void or Voidable?”,(1967) 30 MLR 701; M. Akehurst, “Void or Voidable? Natural Justice andUnnatural Meanings”, (1968) 31 MLR 2, (1968) 31 MLR 138. [163] Durayappahv. Fernando [1967] 2 AC 337; Fullbrook v. Berkshire Magistrate‘sCourts Committee [1970] 69 LGR 75. [164] H.Wade & C. Forsyth, Administrative Law (8th, Oxford Press, 2000),p.309, 490. [165] Glynnv. Keele University [1971] 1 WLT 487, at 496; Cinnamond v. BAA[1980] 1 WLR 582; R. v. Chief National Insurance Commissioner, exparte Connor [1981] QB 758; R. v. Monopolies and Mergers Commission,ex parte Argyll [1986] 1 WLR 763; R. v. Criminal InjuriesCompensation Board, ex parte Aston [1994] COD 500. [166] R. v.London Borough of Camden, ex parte Paddock [1995] COD 130. [167] R. v. IslingtonLBC, ex parte Degnan [1998] COD 46. [168] R.Registrar of Building Societies [1960] 1 WLR 669, at 684; Annamunthodo v.Oilfield Workers‘ Trade Union [1961] AC 945, at 956; John v. Rees [1970]Ch. 345, at 402; R. v. Thames Magistrates’ Court, ex partePolemis [1974] 1 WLR 1371, at 1375-1376. [169] R.Ealing Magistrates‘ Court, ex parte Fanneran [1996] 8 Admin. LR 351, at359, per Rougier J. [170] Ibid,at 358, per Staughton LJ. [171] Ibid,at 358, per Staughton LJ. [172] SupremeCourt Act 1981, s. 31 (5)。 [173] R. v.Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, ex parte A [1999] 2 AC 330. [174] R. v.Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Huang (QB, unreported), 14 July2000. [175] Lawlorand Others v. Union of Post Office Workers [1965] Ch. 712. [176] R. v.Sunderland Juvenile Court, ex parte G [1988] 1 WLR 398; R. v. NWThames Regional Health Authority, ex parte Daniels [1993] 4 Med. LR 364. [177] ChiefConstable of the North Wales Police v. Evans [1982] 1 WLR 1155, per LordBrightman. 另一名法官LordBridge则倾向于恢复其职位。 [178] Fullbrookv. Berkshire Magistrate‘s Courts Committee [1970] 69 LGR 75. [179] Glynnv. Keele University [1971] 1 WLR 487. [180] R. v. Aston University Senate, ex parteRoffey [1969] 2 QB 538. [181] R. v.Secretary of State for Social Services, ex parte Association ofMetropolitan Authorities [1986] 1 WLR 1. [182] 德沃金《法律帝国》,李常青译,中国大百科全书出版社1996年。 [183] 何海波《英国行政法最近20年》,载中国人民大学宪政与行政法治研究中心编《宪政与行政法治发展报告(2004年-2005年卷)》,中国人民大学出版社2006年。
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